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What is JWH018? Myths and Facts

Monday, May 24th, 2010

The proliferation of various articles and not-so-credible researches in the Internet about JWH-018 is causing uncertainty among herbal blend users and other concerned citizens. For those who are not knowledgeable, they would often confuse facts from myths and vice versa. Some researchers would claim that certain amounts of JWH018 found in incensed drugs cause some adverse effects that can harm the human body. Other reports say that it is not entirely dangerous resulting to a more confusing and vague information about JWH018.

Brief History of JWH018

Dr. John W. Huffman, a research professor at Clemson University, first synthesized JWH018 thus taking its name from his initials. It was first used as a tool to study the cannabinoid system. It was intentionally formed to recreate the effects of Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa L). Its appearance is usually in white powder or solid form and produces effects similar to smoking Cannabis such as:  sleepiness, relaxation, decrease blood pressure, hallucinations and delusions to name a few.

Myths VS Facts

Here are some common misconceptions about JWH018 and quick facts to bust them.

Myth: “If you see a dark brown JHW018, it is a fake.”

Fact: A dark brown-colored JWH018 is in truth its raw form.

JWH018 is most commonly distributed in a white solid or powder form in the market leading to misunderstanding that any other color is labeled as a fake, which is actually not true. It appears darker because it is denser. However, after processing, it changes its color drastically. Some evidences actually show that its flakes and crystallized forms appear in lighter colors after grinding, which originally came from a dark solid JWH018. In addition, a pure white JWH018 turns to yellow when highly oxidized.

Myth: “JWH018 is a synthetic THC.”

Fact: It is not a synthetic THC, but actually an amino alkylindole.

JWH018 is a part of the amino alkylindole family. However, it has a binding affinity towards CB1 and CB2 receptors the same as how THC or other cannabinoids work. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is responsible for the psychoactive effects in the brain and body, is the main active substance found in Marijuana. Because JWH018’s pharmacologic mechanism is quite similar to THC, it produces the same effects as smoking Cannabis. Aside from that, its structure is distinct and in no way similar to the structure of THC or any cannabinoid you know.

Myth: “JWH-018 can be medically used for therapeutic effect.”

Fact:  It is not licensed for medical applications.

Although some users claim that they experience analgesic effects from taking the substance, no clinical studies can prove otherwise. It is not right to claim that JWH018 has therapeutic use when there are no scientific results to back it.

Myth: “JWH018 has no potential for abuse.”

Fact: It actually has mild to high tolerance acquisition.

In reality, users of JWH018 exhibit rapid decrease in response to the drug after repeated doses in just 3 days. In effect, a larger dose is needed to achieve the same effect when taken the first time. If this continues, a built drug tolerance may result to uncontrollable increase in amounts of JWH018 required to get high. This may eventually lead to drug abuse and overdose.

Myth: “Any form of drug tests cannot detect JWH018.”

Fact:  It can still be detected by drug test if specifically identified.

Many of the users have claimed that JWH018 was not found when they took drug tests. This is because drug tests seek THC or cannabinoid metabolites and antibodies to test positive. Since JWH018 has a different chemical structure as the substances mentioned, it would indeed give a negative result. However, if drug-testing authorities know exactly the specific structure of JWH018, then it is still possible to detect it. The issue also lies on when is the user tested. This is because JWH018 has a half-life of 2 hours before leaving the body.

The web is a good marketing outlet. So, it is not surprising to come across some false statements and claims in order to sell. Remember, myths do not have proofs while facts always have basis and evidences. In order to distinguish between myths and facts, validating and confirming the credibility of your resources comes first. There are lot of information available, but be sure to believe only the truth and nothing else.

This Article is written by Lena Butler, contributor of Test Country Articles.

JWH-018 Addiction Potential as a Drug

Tuesday, May 18th, 2010

Due to its pharmacological and metabolic characteristics, JWH-018 is addictive and its prolonged use habit forming. As common for cannabinoids, intoxication and withdrawal leads to a great variety of symptoms.  Out of 13 listed signs of dysfunctional behavior and perceptual abnormalities (12) correlated with acute cannabinoid use, JWH-018 users experience a mean average of eleven, segregated as weakness or an anxiety/ depression withdrawal symptom type, namely euphoria, loss of inhibition, anxiety, agitation, suspiciousness or paranoid ideas, impaired judgment, attention and reaction time, interference with personal functioning, auditory and visual hallucinations (13). Type and severity of JWH-018 withdrawal symptoms depends on the length of use, gender, age and family history (14). Studies indicate JWH-018 is habit forming in as little as one week. Withdrawal symptoms are more pronounced in short term than long terms users, due to sort-term users not developing JWH-018 tolerance response. Long term use and age is associated with both types of withdrawal symptoms, weakness and anxiety/ depression while gender is associated with weakness symptoms only, more prevalent in men than women (14). Particularly potent in adolescents and young adults due to high metabolic turnover, JWH-018 withdrawal is correlated with major depressive disorders (15).

Despite the presented data, there is a general lack of targeted studies on long-term effects of JWH-018 in humans. More research is certainly up-coming but until then there is no way to accurately quantify the real extent of consequences of prolonged JWH-018 use. Due to this, caution is advised, JWH-018 use discouraged and made illegal in many countries worldwide.

References

12)     The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research, World Health Organization

13)     Synthetic marijuana, K2, Spice, JWH-018 and Dependence,   DrugMonkey, February 17, 2010 8:24 PM

14)     Cannabis withdrawal in the United States: a general population study, Deborah S. Hasin, Ph.D., Katherine M. Keyes, MPH, Donald Alderson, M.S., Shuang Wang, Ph.D., Efrat Aharonovich, Ph.D.,and Bridget F. Grant, Ph.D., Ph.D, September 9, 2008

15)           Cannabis Withdrawal is Common among Treatment-Seeking Adolescents with Cannabis Dependence and Major Depression, and is Associated with Rapid Relapse to Dependence, Jack R. Cornelius,* Tammy Chung,  Christopher Martin, D. Scott Wood, and Duncan B. Clark, July, 2007

Pharmacology & Metabolism of JWH-018

Tuesday, May 18th, 2010

Pharmacology studies indicate JWH-018 has Δ9-THC-like activity affecting cardiovascular and central nervous systems and causing psychoactive effects such as decreased activity and body temperature, analgesia and catalepsy, related to its binding to central cannabinoid receptor, CB1, and peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2 (6). The reported biding affinity of JWH-018 for CB1 and CB2 receptors is 9.00±5.00 and 2.94±2.65 nM, respectively, with binding CB1 to CB2affinity ratio of 3.06, indicating higher selectivity for CB2 over CB1 receptor (1). JWH-018, has a N-Pentyl side chain in place of morpholinoethyl group, with N-Pentyl exhibiting similar steric and electrostatic properties as morpholinoethyl group, and reduced CB2 selectivity (1). JWH-018 has five times greater affinity for CB1 receptor than THC of plant source marijuana.

JWH-018 does not accumulate in peripheral tissues or albumin deposits one week days following chronic dosing (7), suggesting it is metabolized and eliminated from body (6). Based on its metabolic breakdown, the effects of JWH-018 in humans last anywhere from 3 to 5 hours (9), shorter that for THC from plant marijuana. During this time humans experience a series of psychoactive effects resulting from JWH-018 biding to CB1 and CB2 receptors. While effects wear off after few hours, there is a distinct addictive quality that can lead to significant withdrawal symptoms after JWH-018 has been used on a prolonged and frequent basis.

While plan marihuana TCH is metabolized into a more active compound, 11-hydroxy THC leading to latent peak, JWH-018 is not, contributing to observed differences between the two (11). Due to distinct metabolism, JWH-018 peaks rapidly and without the standard 10-15 minute delay observed with plant marijuana THC. The result is a faster high making JWH-018 particularly appealing to users and contributing to its rapidly increasing recreation drug popularity. However faster breakdown often leads to re-dosing upon comedown, increasing involved risks with respect to its addictive properties and chronic use. Chronic use leads to down regulation of central and peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptors indicating a traditional cannabinoid tachyphylactic response of decreased effect and duration of JWH-018 in prolonged use (7). This in itself introduces inherent danger as users are prone to increased dosing for purposes of obtaining matching highs leading to higher toxicity effects.

References

1)     Influence of the N-1 alkyl chain length of cannabimimetic indoles upon CB1 and CB2 receptor binding, Aung, M. M.; et al. (2000), Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60 (2): 133–140, doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00152-0.

6) JWH-018, 1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, Purported Ingredient of “Spice”, July 2009, http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/spice/spice_jwh018.htm)

7) JWH-018 Repeat Rat Toxicity, Raw data, Netherlands. 18 Dec. 2008.

9)      Understanding the Spice Phenomenon, EMCDDA, EMCDDA 2009  Thematic paper, 2009

11)     Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse, Margaret Haney & Carl L. Hart & Suzanne K. Vosburg & Sandra D. Comer & Stephanie Collins Reed & Richard W. Foltin, 7 November 2007

Understanding JWH-018

Tuesday, May 18th, 2010

JWH-018 is one of several hundred JWH compounds developed over the last few years by John W. Huffman (JWH), organic chemist, as part of research on analogues and metabolites of THC, the active ingredient of naturally sourced marijuana plant (10). Intended exclusively for purposes of scientific purposes, JWH-018 has never been intended for human consumption, let alone recreational use. While there are anywhere from 100 to 300 various JWH compounds, JWH-018 has yielded the highest interest due to its active group functional similarity to THC.

Introduction of marijuana-specific treatment programs (11) have opened the door for a cheaper more accessible alternative, JWH-018, a synthetic marijuana. While it is easy to assume that JWH-018 would act the same as naturally sourced marihuana, the reality is that they are quite different. In many aspects JWH-018 is more potent and inherently more dangerous to human body. To fully understand JWH-018, it is necessary to consider certain aspects of its chemical characteristics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and addiction potential.

Chemical Structure

JWH-018

JWH-018, also known as K2, fake weed, synthetic marihuana, “spice” and  1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole is a synthetic cannabinoid from aminoalkylindole family, covered under US patent  #7241799(4). It acts as CB1 and CB2, receptor agonist, with partial CB2 selectivity.[1][2] . As both CB1 and CB2 are involved neurotransmitter regulation, JWH-018 has a significant impact on a wide range of neural functions.  Four to five times more powerful than weed, it is a lipid-soluble, non-polar, small molecule (9), with physical appearance of a white crystalline powder with pharmacological resemblance but no chemical relation to tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), an active ingredient of Cannabis sativa L. (marihuana), nor to other cannabinoids from cannabis plant (5). Consequently JWH-018 is not categorized as a THC substance (6).

References

1)     Influence of the N-1 alkyl chain length of cannabimimetic indoles upon CB1 and CB2 receptor binding, Aung, M. M.; et al. (2000), Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60 (2): 133–140, doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00152-0.

2)     Cannabimimetic indole derivatives, US6,900,236 (PDF version) (2005-05-31) Alexandros Makriyannis, Hongfeng Deng

3)     JWH-018 CYP450 Inhibition. Raw data. Netherlands. 18 Dec. 2008

4)     Cannabimimetic indole derivatives, Makriyannis, Alexandros, and Hongfeng Deng. University of Connecticut, assignee, Patent 7241799. 2007

5) http://www.babelation.com/content/jwh-018synthetic-cannabinoid-agonist-synthetic-cannabis-found-be-4-5-times-stronger-then-mar.

6) JWH-018, 1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, Purported Ingredient of “Spice”, July 2009, http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/spice/spice_jwh018.htm)

9)      Understanding the Spice Phenomenon, EMCDDA, EMCDDA 2009  Thematic paper, 2009

10)     Synthesis of Cannabimimetic Indoles, John W. Huffman, 2008

11)     Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse, Margaret Haney & Carl L. Hart & Suzanne K. Vosburg & Sandra D. Comer & Stephanie Collins Reed & Richard W. Foltin, 7 November 2007

New National Teen Drug Study

Sunday, December 27th, 2009

teen drug abuse-teen drug testing-drug abuseWASHINGTON—A new national study of teen-agers’ substance abuse and their attitudes toward drugs and drug use highlights some troubling trends that raise serious concerns, Gil Kerlikowske, Director of National Drug Control Policy, announced today.

The study, conducted by the University of Michigan for the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is widely considered an important indicator of youth drug use, providing valuable insights into teen beliefs and attitudes about drugs and drug use.  Since 1975, the MTF study has provided one of the best continuous measures of the nation’s successes and challenges in addressing youth drug abuse.

Because of the study’s unbroken trajectory, it is possible to note when new drugs start to become a serious problem for youth, as the past few years have shown for the misuse of prescription medications.  As MTF shows prevalence numbers rising or falling over time, policymakers have an opportunity, based on these results, to assess how well drug policy interventions are working.

Youth use rates of some substances have declined. Among the positive trends:

  • Both past-year and past 30-day use rates of hallucinogens among 12th graders declined.
  • Use of cocaine among 12th graders also was down for both the past year and the past 30 days.
  • Lifetime methamphetamine use among 8th graders dropped.
  • The perceived availability of several types of drugs (including cocaine, sedatives, heroin, and crystal meth) declined among 8th and 10th graders.

Among the areas of concern in the study:

  • Seven of the 10 drugs most abused by high school seniors are prescription drug or over-the-counter drugs acquired primarily from teens’ friends or relatives.
  • The rate of use of inhalants in the last 30 days among 10th graders increased.
  • Attitudes toward marijuana use are moving in the wrong direction.  Among 8th and 10th graders, the perception of “great risk” associated with marijuana use declined; perceived harmfulness of marijuana deteriorated among 8th graders; and peer disapproval of marijuana use has also declined.
  • For some important drugs like marijuana, MTF shows that drug use has been essentially flat for roughly three years after declining in previous years.
  • Although use of alcohol among teens has declined, it remains the most commonly abused substance. Attitudes toward alcohol have also changed: fewer 10th graders viewed weekend binge drinking as harmful, and fewer high school seniors disapproved of having one or two drinks daily.

Source: whitehousedrugpolicy.gov



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Answers, comments, information, articles and opinions provided on all TestCountry related webpages are general information, and are not intended to substitute for informed professional medical, psychiatric, counseling, psychological, or other professional advice. You should not use the information on TestCountry for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication or other treatment. You should always speak with your physician or other healthcare professional before taking any medication or nutritional, herbal or homeopathic supplement, rehabilitation or detoxification from any substance abuse or adopting any treatment for a health or drug problem.

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